FRANCE STATE
France state has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the EUROPEAN STATES category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the aeternitas and the future of Europe.
France is an aeternitas of the history of european integration that will have influence on the future of Europe. The name given by the inhabitants is REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE with the official national languages of French (belonging to the group of Italic family) spoken by the citizens who today live in the semi-presidential republic of France, together with the residents of others European peoples speaking also Provencal/Occitain ('la langue d'oc', in the southern part of country) or the other french dialets as Guascon, Alsatian, Arpitan or Corsican, while local peoples speak Basque in south-western side of France or the Celtic idiom of Breton in the historical region of Brittany.
France is situated in central-western Europe over the Alps and above the Pyrenees: these mountain chains are 2 of the natural France hedges of the exagon defining the France geography such as the Atlantic Ocean, its western side up to the Ouessant island where it starts the English Channel that signs the north-western border with the United Kingdom until the Strait of Dover. From Dunkirk begins the north-eastern limit with Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, while at East it runs along the High Rhin river valley and the Alps separating France by Switzerland and Italy frontiers till the Mediterranean Sea, that represents the southern hedge including the island of Corsica and the Lion Gulf which is the starting point of the Pyrenees, historical natural barrier with the Iberian Peninsula. The territory of France is mostly mountainous on the Eastern and Southern side cause of the Alps, the Jura, the Pyrenees, the Vosges, the Ardennes and the Central Massif mountains system, where are the sources of the most important french rivers: the Seine, the Loire and the Garonne all erupting into the Ocean; the Meuse, the Moselle, the Saone and the Scheldt, big tributaries of the Rhin basin; the Rhone coming from the Swiss Alps and erupting in a great delta into the Mediterranean Sea. The rest of the country is a great fertile plain used since ever for agriculture and breedings sprinkled by the complessive networks of rivers and navigable channels built centuries ago. The climate is triple: atlantic type on the oceanic side, characterized by frequent precipitations and quite homogeneous weather; continental at North-East, with cold snowy winters and hot summers; mediterranean climate in the southern regions and in Corsica, useful to seaside tourism and pleaseful life. The western coasts are mostly sandy with dunes, favorable for fishing and naval tradings, interrupted by the Armorican Massif and the Cotentin Peninsula, while on South there is a great depressed area around the Gironde bay (the Medoc and Landes region) and the laguna bay of the Rhin delta (Camargue).
The history of France began with the settlements of the various French people. The first inhabitants in order of time had been the Megalithics people (as you can read in this article) who had been followed along the ancient times by the ancient Celts in Neolitich age, then by the Gauls and other tribes of Celts around 2500 B.C., living in their oppidums and reigns during La Téne culture epoch, and in the I century A.D. by the Teutons tribe of Germans and by the numerous Israelites communities in Paris, Lyon, Rouen, Reims, Nantes, Narbonne, Arles, Clermont and others. They all had been submitted by Romans and within the reform of Augustus (see Roman Empire) were included into the Lugdunensis, Aquitania, Narbonensis and Viennensis provinces that with the reform of Constantine I (see Christian Empire) became part respcetively of the Gallia and NovemPopuli diocesi.
At the falling of Western Roman Empire, those provinces were conquested by the German tribes of Westgoths, who formed the Regna Visigotorum in 376 A.D. under the Balti dinasty, of the Burgundians that in 407 A.D. founded the Regna Burgundorum and of Franks, who defined in 496 A.D. the Regna Francorum under rule of Merovingian dinasty: the Regna christianorum had been one of the turning point of the history of european integration because some times later they were crowned by the Christian Church of Rome then moved to annex the other regna and with the renovatio imperii reform of Charlemagne the land of France became the heart the Carolingian Empire ruled by Carolingian dinasty. When it was divided in 843 A.D. with the Verdun treaty, the Regna Francorum (the western area over the Meuse-Moselle-Rhone line) remained under control of the Carolingians until 987 A.D. when the sceptre passed until 1848 A.D. to the Capetingian dinasty and its cadet branches of Valois, Valois-Orleans and Borbone dinasties, except for a short period in XV century A.D. ruled by the Plantagenet and during the I Republic (1792-1804 A.D.) and at the epoch of the I Empire of French (1804-1815 A.D.) reigned by Napoleon I.
But since X century A.D. the Regna Francorum went fragmented in great fiefs: the ancient Reign of Armorica connected to the Britons possessions in Cornwall and Wales since the IV century A.D., became the Reign of Brittany in 830 A.D. under the Brittany dinasty, finally annexed to France and transformed in Brittany Duchy in 937 A.D.; the Regna Navarra, interrelated to the Westgoths regna of Aragona and Castella-Leon in Northern Spain, founded in 811 A.D. had been ruled by many european genealogies until 1589 A.D. when it was joined to France under the royal dinasty of d'Albret/Borbone; the ancient Regna Aquitania had benn ruled from 511 to 887 A.D. by Merovingian and Carolingian dinasties, before to be transformed in Duchy of Aquitania and ruled by the Poitou and Plantagenet dinasties then annexed to France Kingdom in 1453 A.D., at the end of the Hundred's war won against England with the contribute of tha national heroine Joan d'Arc; with the invasion of Vikings, it was instituted the Normandy Duchy in 922 A.D. and ruled by the Normandy house, then by Plantagenet and Capetingian dinasties until it was annexed to France Kingdom in 1215 A.D.; the Guascoin Duchy founded in 670 A.D. by Merovingians, was ruled by Poitou and Plantagenets dinasties until 1203 A.D. when had been annexed to France Kingdom; the County of Paris founded in 821 A.D. and enfeoffed to Orleans/Vintzgau family, then to Girardids and Welfen dinasties and finally to Capetingians until 996 A.D., when they annexed to France Kingdom; as well as the County or Duchy of Orleàns founded in 821 A.D. and enfeoffed to Orleans/Vintzgau dinasty, then to Welfen and passed to Capetingian who ruled it until they annexed to France Kingdom in 1498 A.D.; the County of Troyes/Champagne founded in 820 A.D. and ruled by Carolingians before passing it to Blois dinasty, who ceded it to France Kingdom in 1305 A.D.; the County of Vermandois founded in 821 A.D. by the homonimous cadet branch of Carolingians and ruled by Capetingians until 1191 A.D., when they annexed to France Kingdom; the County of Tolouse&Rouerge instituted in 821 A.D. and enfeoffed since 1270 A.D. to Gellone dinasty, when it was annexed to France Kingdom; the County of Alvernia founded in 913 A.D. and enfeoffed to the homonimous dinasty, before passing to Borbone dinasty who annexed to France Kingdom in 1521 A.D.; the County of Anjou enfeoffed in 930 A.D. to the Anjou-Plantagenets dinasty who ruled until 1246 A.D., when it had been annexed to France Kingdom.
The rest of France territory entered the Regna Lotharingia in 843 A.D. and was fragmented in several endurign entities, in the end all annexed to France Kingdom. That was the case of the High Lorrain Duchy, instituted in 959 A.D. and enfeoffed to Ardennes family who passed to Lothrinigen-Metz and Valois-Lorena dinasties that ruled until 1766 A.D.. The Regna Provenza founded in 855 A.D. by Bosoni dinasty until 933 A.D. (then splitted in County and Marquisade of Provence and ruled by Bosoni family, inherited respectively by the Bellonidi and the Gellone dinasties and finally annexed to France Kingdom in XIII century A.D..) when it was joined to the Regna of Arles/Burgundy, formed in 888 A.D. by Welfen dinasty and annexed to Reich Empire in 1033 A.D.. It was part of the ancient Regna Burgundorum that had been splitted in: Duchy of Borgogna enfeoffed from 918 A.D. to Bosoni dinasty, then passed to Capetingians and cadet branches of C-Burgundy and Valois-Burgundy until 1420 A.D., when they joined into the Flanders&Burgundy Ducky and was inherited in 1529 A.D. by the Habsburg dinasty, before to be ceded to France Kingdom; Conty of Burgundy instituted in 982 A.D. and ruled by Welfen dinasty, then passed to Anscarici and Staufer-Borgogna dinasties before to be annexed to France Kingdom in 1678 A.D.; County of Savoia enfeoffed in 821 A.D. to homonimous dinasty who ceded to France Kingdom in 1850 A.D..
France has been a continuing jurisdictional state since 987 A.D. but the France Kingdom obtained the real independence only in 1215 A.D. (superiorem non reconosces), then became a Republic in 1792 A.D. after the 'French Revolution' and the I French Empire under Napoleon I (1804 A.D.): with the Peace of Wien it was restored as monarchy but in 1848 A.D. Napoleon III proclamed the II Republic and soon after the II French Empire (1852 A.D.) that was defeated by Germany and restored to (III) Republic in 1871 A.D.. During the Second World War France was annexed to the III Reich (1940 A.D.) but restored as (IV) Republic in 1944 A.D.: the last evolution of France state was the V Republic proclamed in 1958 A.D., after the indipendence war of Algeria and Tunisia. Today France is administered by Regions (Paris-Ile, Grand Est, Brittany, Hauts-de-France, Normandie, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Occitanie, Centre-Val de Loire, Pays-de-la-Loire, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Corse, Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and Departement et region at Territoire d'outre-mer (Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique, La Reunion, Mayotte; Polynesie francaise, saint-Pierre e Miquelon, Wallis&Futuna), while its main cities are Paris, Marseille, Nice, Nantes, Toulouse, Lyon and Bordeaux.
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